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mining activities

  • 1 mining activities

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > mining activities

  • 2 mining activities

    Англо-русский сельскохозяйственный словарь > mining activities

  • 3 mining activities

    • минни работи

    English-Bulgarian polytechnical dictionary > mining activities

  • 4 mining activities

    добычная деятельность, добычные работы, горнорудная деятельность

    English-Russian dictionary of fishery > mining activities

  • 5 mining activities

    добычная деятельность; добычные работы; горнорудная деятельность

    English-Russian maritime law dictionary > mining activities

  • 6 Mining

    торг., стат., амер. добыча полезных ископаемых ( сектор экономики по NAICS 2002)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Mining

  • 7 Support Activities for Mining

    эк., стат., амер. предоставление услуг в сфере добычи полезных ископаемых* (по NAICS 2002: отраслевая группа, в которую включены организации, занимающиеся вспомогательными работами при добыче полезных ископаемых на контрактной основе, напр., геологоразведка, бурение, исследование скважины, консервирование скважин и др.)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Support Activities for Mining

  • 8 data mining

    1. E-com
    the process of using sophisticated software to identify commercially useful statistical patterns or relationships in online databases
    2. Mktg
    the extraction of information from a data warehouse to assist managerial decision making. The information obtained in this way helps organizations gain a better understanding of their customers and can be used to improve customer support and marketing activities.

    The ultimate business dictionary > data mining

  • 9 Humfrey, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. c.1515
    d. 14 July 1579
    [br]
    English goldsmith and Assay Master of the Royal Mint who attempted to introduce brass production to England.
    [br]
    William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (the most detailed account).
    ——1955, Elizabethan Copper, reprinted 1989, Michael Moon.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Humfrey, William

  • 10 activity

    ækˈtɪvɪtɪ сущ.
    1) деятельность to break off (terminate) an activity ≈ прекращать деятельность to buzz, hum with activity ≈ кипеть( о деятельности), наполняться гулом вследствие активной деятельности to curb, paralyze activity ≈ сдерживать чью-л. активность to engage in (participate in, take part in) an activity ≈ принимать участие в какой-л. деятельности to resume one's activities ≈ возобновлять деятельность All students take part in extracurricular activities. ≈ Все студенты занимаются какой-либо деятельностью, не связанной с учебой. Business activity was paralyzed. ≈ Деловая активность была парализована. behind-the-scenes activity burst of activity business activity bustling activity constant activity economic activity extracurricular activity feverish activity furious activity intellectual activity higher nervous activity life activity vital activity milk-electing activity physical activity political activity recreational activity scientific activity social activity subversive activity terrorist activity uninterrupted activity union activities Syn: project
    2) активность;
    интенсивность, энергия kinetic activity ≈ двигательная активность the electrical activity of the brain ≈ электрическая активность мозга, биотоки мозга cortical activity ≈ мед. активность коры головного мозга, корковая активность
    3) эк. экономическая активность;
    хозяйственная деятельность ∙ Ant: inactivity, inertia, inertness, laziness, sloth
    деятельность;
    - man of * активный человек;
    - physical * физическая работа;
    двигательная активность активность;
    энергия;
    - time of full * период наибольшей активности;
    - the film is full of * фильм полон событий, в картине все время что-то происходит активно действующая сила деятельность, действия;
    - social * общественная деятельность;
    - classroom activities классные занятия - literary activities литературная деятельность - he has many activities to take up his time when he's not working у него есть чем заняться в свободное от работы время( военное) боевые действия локального характера (экономика) экономическая активность;
    хозяйственная деятельность;
    - * in the market оживление на рынке;
    - competitive * конкурентная борьба (американизм) инстанция;
    орган, учреждение показатели в экономических исследованиях (экономика) самодеятельность населения (физическое) радиоактивность
    activity активность;
    энергия ~ активность ~ деятельность;
    social activities культурно-просветительные мероприятия ~ операция ~ организация ~ производство ~ работа ~ учреждение ~ хозяйственная деятельность ~ экономическая деятельность
    business ~ деловая активность business ~ торгово-промышленная деятельность business ~ хозяйственная деятельность business ~ экономическая деятельность
    construction ~ строительство
    economic ~ деловая активность economic ~ торгово-промышленная деятельность economic ~ хозяйственная деятельность economic ~ экономическая активность
    high business ~ полит.эк. высокая деловая активность
    humanitarian ~ гуманитарная деятельность
    issuing ~ организация выпуска
    leisure ~ деятельность в свободное от работы время
    low business ~ низкий уровень экономической активности low business ~ слабая конъюнктура
    low economic ~ низкий уровень экономической активности low economic ~ слабая конъюнктура
    low industrial ~ низкий уровень производственной деятельности
    mining ~ разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых
    mortgage credit ~ операции с ипотечным кредитом
    principal ~ основная деятельность
    recreational ~ деятельность по организации отдыха (работе домов отдыха, санаториев, турбаз, молодежных лагерей и т. д.)
    ~ деятельность;
    social activities культурно-просветительные мероприятия
    standard-setting activities деятельность по разработке норм

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > activity

  • 11 activity

    [ækˈtɪvɪtɪ]
    activity активность; энергия activity активность activity деятельность; social activities культурно-просветительные мероприятия activity операция activity организация activity производство activity работа activity учреждение activity хозяйственная деятельность activity экономическая деятельность building activity сооружение building activity строительство business activity деловая активность business activity торгово-промышленная деятельность business activity хозяйственная деятельность business activity экономическая деятельность computer activities деятельность в области компьютеризации concurrent activities вчт. параллельные операции construction activity строительство economic activity деловая активность economic activity торгово-промышленная деятельность economic activity хозяйственная деятельность economic activity экономическая активность expanding branch of activity расширяющаяся область деятельности government activity деятельность правительства high business activity полит.эк. высокая деловая активность humanitarian activity гуманитарная деятельность investment activity инвестиционная деятельность issuing activity организация выпуска lead-time activity вчт. операция ожидания leisure activity деятельность в свободное от работы время low business activity низкий уровень экономической активности low business activity слабая конъюнктура low economic activity низкий уровень экономической активности low economic activity слабая конъюнктура low industrial activity низкий уровень производственной деятельности main activity основная деятельность main activity основная работа main activity основной род занятий mining activity разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых mortgage credit activity операции с ипотечным кредитом mortgage loan activity ипотечное кредитование overlapping activities вчт. перекрывающиеся функции principal activity основная деятельность productive activity производственная деятельность professional activity профессиональная деятельность recreational activity деятельность по организации отдыха (работе домов отдыха, санаториев, турбаз, молодежных лагерей и т. д.) activity деятельность; social activities культурно-просветительные мероприятия standard-setting activities деятельность по разработке норм state activity государственная деятельность system activity вчт. учет системных ресурсов wholesale activity оптовая купля-продажа wholesale activity оптовая торговля

    English-Russian short dictionary > activity

  • 12 Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca

    [br]
    b. 1480 Siena, Italy
    d. 1537 Rome, Italy
    [br]
    Italian author of the celebrated "Pirotechnia" on mining and metallurgy.
    [br]
    Biringuccio spent much of his life in the service of, or under the patronage of, the Petruccis, one of the leading families of Siena. In his youth, he was able to travel widely in Italy and Germany, observing mining and metallurgical processes at first hand. For example, his visit to the brass-works in Milan was to be the source of the detailed description in Pirotechnia, published alter his death. He held various appointments in charge of mines or other concerns, such as the Siena mint, under the patronage of the Petruccis. During two periods of exile, while the Petrucci fortunes were in eclipse, he engaged in military activities such as the casting of cannon. That included the great culverin of Florence cast in 1529, also described in the Pirotechnia. In December 1534 Pope Paul III offered him the post of Director of the papal foundry and munitions. He did not take up the post until 1536, but he died the following year.
    P irotechnia, which made Biringuccio famous, was published in Venice in 1540, three years after his death. The word "pirotechnia" had a wider meaning than that of fireworks, extending to the action of fire on various substances and including distillation and the preparation of acids. While owing something to earlier written sources, the book is substantially based on a lifetime of practical experience of mining and metalworking, including smelting, casting and alloying, and evidence in the book suggests that it was written between 1530 and 1535. Curzio Navo brought out the second and third editions in 1550 and 1559, as well as a Latin edition. A fourth edition was also printed in 1559. The appearance of four editions in such a short time testifies to the popularity and usefulness of the work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1942, Pirotechnia, Translated from the Italian with an Introduction and Notes, ed. Cyril S. Smith and Martha T.Gnudi, New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgi cal Engineers (the best account of Biringuccio's life, with bibliographical details of the various editions of the Pirotechnia, is in the preface).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca

  • 13 underground

    1.
    ['] adverb
    1) (beneath surface of ground) unter der Erde; (Mining) unter Tage
    2) (fig.) (in hiding) im Untergrund; (into hiding) in den Untergrund

    go underground — untertauchen; in den Untergrund gehen

    2.
    ['] adjective
    1) unterirdisch [Höhle, See]

    underground railway — Untergrundbahn, die

    underground car park — Tiefgarage, die

    2) (fig.): (secret)

    underground organization/movement/press — Untergrundorganisation, die/-bewegung, die/-presse, die

    3.
    ['] noun
    1) (railway) U-Bahn, die
    2) (clandestine movement) Untergrund, der; Untergrundbewegung, die
    * * *
    1. adjective
    (below the surface of the ground: underground railways; underground streams.) unterirdisch
    2. adverb
    1) ((to a position) under the surface of the ground: Rabbits live underground.) unterirdisch
    2) (into hiding: He will go underground if the police start looking for him.) der Untergrund
    3. noun
    ((American subway) an underground railway: She hates travelling by/on the underground.) die U-Bahn
    * * *
    ˈunder·ground
    I. adj
    1. inv GEOG unterirdisch
    \underground cable Erdkabel nt
    2. POL, ECON Untergrund-
    \underground economy Schattenwirtschaft f
    \underground movement Untergrundbewegung f
    3. attr ART, FASHION Underground-
    4. attr RAIL U-Bahn-
    \underground station U-Bahn-Station f
    II. adv
    1. inv GEOG unter der Erde
    you can park \underground below the cinema du kannst in der Tiefgarage unter dem Kino parken
    2. POL
    to drive sb \underground jdn in den Untergrund zwingen
    to go \underground in den Untergrund gehen
    III. n
    1. no pl esp BRIT RAIL U-Bahn f
    ▪ by \underground mit der U-Bahn
    2. POL
    ▪ the \underground der Untergrund
    a member of the \underground ein Mitglied nt der Untergrundbewegung
    3. ART, FASHION
    ▪ the \underground die Undergroundbewegung
    * * *
    ['ʌndəgraʊnd]
    1. adj
    1) explosion, lake, cave, passage unterirdisch
    2) (fig: secret) Untergrund-
    3) (= alternative) Underground-
    2. adv
    1) unterirdisch; (MIN) unter Tage
    2) (fig)
    3. n
    1) (Brit RAIL) U-Bahn f, Untergrundbahn f
    2) (= movement) Untergrundbewegung f; (= subculture) Underground m
    * * *
    A adv [ˌ-ˈɡraʊnd]
    1. unter der oder die Erde, unterirdisch
    2. fig im Verborgenen, heimlich, geheim:
    a) POL zur Untergrundbewegung werden,
    b) POL in den Untergrund gehen,
    c) unter-, abtauchen
    B adj [ˈ-ɡraʊnd]
    1. unterirdisch:
    underground cable Erdkabel n;
    underground car park, underground garage Tiefgarage f;
    underground pipe erdverlegtes Rohr;
    underground water Grundwasser n
    2. Bergbau: unter Tag(e):
    underground mining Untertag(e)bau m
    3. TECH Tiefbau…:
    4. fig Untergrund…, Geheim…, verborgen:
    underground fighter POL Untergrundkämpfer(in);
    underground movement POL Untergrundbewegung f
    5. KUNST etc Underground…:
    C s [ˈ-ɡraʊnd]
    1. unterirdischer Raum oder (Durch)Gang
    2. besonders Br Untergrundbahn f, U-Bahn f
    3. POL Untergrund(bewegung) m(f)
    4. KUNST etc Underground m (avantgardistische Protestbewegung gegen das kulturelle Establishment)
    * * *
    1.
    ['] adverb
    1) (beneath surface of ground) unter der Erde; (Mining) unter Tage
    2) (fig.) (in hiding) im Untergrund; (into hiding) in den Untergrund

    go underground — untertauchen; in den Untergrund gehen

    2.
    ['] adjective
    1) unterirdisch [Höhle, See]

    underground railway — Untergrundbahn, die

    underground car park — Tiefgarage, die

    2) (fig.): (secret)

    underground organization/movement/press — Untergrundorganisation, die/-bewegung, die/-presse, die

    3.
    ['] noun
    1) (railway) U-Bahn, die
    2) (clandestine movement) Untergrund, der; Untergrundbewegung, die
    * * *
    n.
    Untergrund m.

    English-german dictionary > underground

  • 14 Coster, John

    [br]
    b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, England
    d. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.
    [br]
    John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.
    Further Reading
    Rhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.
    Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Coster, John

  • 15 Gilbert, John

    [br]
    b. 1724 Cotton Hall, Cotton, Staffordshire, England
    d. 3 August 1795 Worsley, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English land agent, mining engineer and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    Younger son of a gentleman farmer, Gilbert was apprenticed to Matthew Boulton, a buckle maker of Birmingham and father of the Matthew Boulton who was associated with James Watt. He also gained mining experience. Through the influence of his older brother, Thomas Gilbert, he became Land Agent to the Duke of Bridgewater (Francis Egerton) for the Worsley estate. He proposed extensions to the underground waterway system and also made a preliminary survey for a canal from Worsley to Salford, a project which Brindley joined as Assistant Engineer. Gilbert was therefore the prime mover in the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, which received its Act in 1759. He then collected evidence for the second Act to permit construction of the aqueduct across the Irwell at Barton. He was involved in a consortium with his brother Thomas and Earl Gower to develop the Earl's East Shropshire mines and to build the Shrewsbury and the Shropshire Coal Canals. He also excavated the Speedwell Mine at Castleton in Derbyshire between 1774 and 1781 and constructed the underground canal to serve the workings. With his brother, he was involved in the promotion of the Trent \& Mersey Canal and was a shareholder in the undertaking. Among his other entrepreneurial activities, he entered the canal-carrying business. His last work was beginning the underground inclined planes at Worsley, but these were not completed until after his death. His important place in the historical development of the inland navigational system in England has been very much overlooked.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.Lead, 1990, Agents of Revolution: John and Thomas Gilbert-Entrepreneurs, Keele University Centre for Local History.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Gilbert, John

  • 16 field

    fi:ld
    1. noun
    1) (a piece of land enclosed for growing crops, keeping animals etc: Our house is surrounded by fields.) campo
    2) (a wide area: playing fields (= an area for games, sports etc).) campo, cancha
    3) (a piece of land etc where minerals or other natural resources are found: an oil-field; a coalfield.) yacimiento
    4) (an area of knowledge, interest, study etc: in the fields of literature/economic development; her main fields of interest.) campo, terreno
    5) (an area affected, covered or included by something: a magnetic field; in his field of vision.) campo
    6) (an area of battle: the field of Waterloo; (also adjective) a field-gun.) campo de batalla

    2. verb
    ((in cricket, basketball etc) to catch (the ball) and return it.) parar y devolver
    - fieldwork
    field n campo
    tr[fiːld]
    1 (gen) campo
    2 (for mining) yacimiento
    3 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL campo
    4 (subject, area) campo, terreno
    ■ what's your field? ¿cuál es tu especialidad?
    5 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (competitors) competidores nombre masculino plural; (horses) participantes nombre masculino plural
    6 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL campo
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL parar y devolver
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL parar y devolver la pelota
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (select to play) presentar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to have a field day familiar (enjoyment) divertirse mucho, estar encantado,-a 2 (financially) hacer su agosto
    to play the field salir con mucha gente
    to take the field salir al campo
    field day SMALLMILITARY/SMALL día nombre masculino de maniobras
    field event SMALLSPORT/SMALL prueba de atletismo
    field gun cañón nombre masculino de campaña
    field hockey hockey nombre masculino sobre hierba
    field marshall mariscal nombre masculino de campo
    field sports caza y pesca
    field trip viaje nombre masculino de estudios
    field work trabajo de campo
    field worker trabajador,-ra de campo
    field ['fi:ld] vt
    : interceptar y devolver (una pelota), presentar (un candidato), sortear (una pregunta)
    field adj
    : de campaña, de campo
    field hospital: hospital de campaña
    field goal: gol de campo
    field trip: viaje de estudio
    1) : campo m (de cosechas, de batalla, de magnetismo)
    2) : campo m, cancha f (en deportes)
    3) : campo m (de trabajo), esfera f (de actividades)
    n.
    • campo (Informática) s.m.
    n.
    • campiña s.f.
    • campo s.m.
    • pradera s.f.
    • prado s.m.
    • redonda s.f.
    • terreno s.m.
    • tierra de labor s.f.
    v.
    • prensar v.
    • recoger v.
    fiːld
    I
    1) ( Agr) ( for crops) campo m; ( for grazing) campo m, prado m, potrero m (AmL)

    a field of corn/wheat — un maizaligal

    2) ( Sport)
    a) ( area of play) campo m, cancha f (AmL)
    b) ( competitors) (+ sing o pl vb)
    3) ( Mil) also

    field of battle — campo m de batalla

    4)
    a) (of study, work) campo m; ( of activities) esfera f

    it has been tested in the field — se ha probado sobre el terreno; (before n) <research, survey> de campo

    5) (Opt, Phot, Phys) campo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> fildear, interceptar y devolver*
    b) \<\<question\>\> sortear
    2)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<team\>\> alinear
    b) \<\<candidates\>\> presentar

    2.
    vi (in baseball, cricket) fildear, interceptar y devolver* la pelota
    [fiːld]
    1. N
    1) (Agr) campo m ; (=meadow) prado m ; (Geol) yacimiento m
    2) (Sport) campo m, terreno m de juego, cancha f (LAm); (=participants) participantes mpl ; (for post) opositores mpl, candidatos mpl

    is there a strong field? — ¿se ha presentado gente buena?

    to lead the field — (Sport, Comm) llevar la delantera

    to take the field — (Sport) salir al campo, saltar al terreno de juego

    - play the field
    3) (=sphere of activity) campo m, esfera f

    field of activity — esfera f de actividades, campo m de acción

    it's not my field — no es mi campo or especialidad, no es lo mío

    what's your field? — ¿qué especialidad tiene Vd?

    in the field of painting — en el campo or mundo de la pintura

    4) (=real environment)
    5) (Comput) campo m
    6) (Mil) campo m

    field of battle — campo m de batalla

    7) (Elec etc) campo m

    field of vision — campo m visual

    8) (Heraldry) campo m
    2.
    VI (Baseball, Cricket) fildear
    3.
    VT (Sport) [+ team] alinear; (Baseball, Cricket) [+ ball] recoger, fildear; (fig) [+ question] sortear
    4.
    CPD

    field day N — (Mil) día m de maniobras

    - have a field day

    field event N — concurso m (atlético) de salto/lanzamiento

    field glasses NPL — (=binoculars) gemelos mpl

    field goal N — (Basketball) tiro m de campo; (US) (Ftbl) gol m de campo

    field hockey N — (US) hockey m (sobre hierba)

    field gun N — cañón m de campaña

    field hand N — (US) jornalero(-a) m / f

    field hospital N — hospital m de campaña

    field kitchen N — cocina f de campaña

    field marshal N — (Brit) mariscal m de campo, ≈ capitán m general del ejército

    field officer N — oficial mf superior

    field sports NPL — la caza y la pesca

    field study N — estudio m de campo

    field test, field trial N — (Comm) prueba f de mercado

    field-test

    field trip N — viaje m or excursión f de estudios

    field work N — (Sociol etc) trabajo m de campo

    field worker N — investigador(a) m / f de campo

    * * *
    [fiːld]
    I
    1) ( Agr) ( for crops) campo m; ( for grazing) campo m, prado m, potrero m (AmL)

    a field of corn/wheat — un maizal/trigal

    2) ( Sport)
    a) ( area of play) campo m, cancha f (AmL)
    b) ( competitors) (+ sing o pl vb)
    3) ( Mil) also

    field of battle — campo m de batalla

    4)
    a) (of study, work) campo m; ( of activities) esfera f

    it has been tested in the field — se ha probado sobre el terreno; (before n) <research, survey> de campo

    5) (Opt, Phot, Phys) campo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> fildear, interceptar y devolver*
    b) \<\<question\>\> sortear
    2)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<team\>\> alinear
    b) \<\<candidates\>\> presentar

    2.
    vi (in baseball, cricket) fildear, interceptar y devolver* la pelota

    English-spanish dictionary > field

  • 17 underground

    I
    1. n
    1) підґрунтя, нижні шари ґрунту
    2) (the underground) метрополітен
    3) підпілля, підпільна організація
    2. adj
    1) підземний

    underground mining — гірн. підземний видобуток

    underground protection — військ. система підземних сховищ

    2) таємний, підпільний; нелегальний
    II
    adv
    1) під землею
    2) таємно, секретно, підпільно
    * * *
    I a

    underground protection — воєн. система підземних сховищ

    underground mining — гipн. підземна добича

    underground surveying — гipн. маркшейдерська зйомка

    2) таємний, підпільний, нелегальний
    3) направлений проти традиційних цінностей, поглядів, проти моралі буржуазного суспільства (про рух, мистецтво); признечений для вузького кола ( про літературу); виданий невеликим тиражем; експериментальний; авангардистський, модерністський; характерний для авангардистської богеми

    the underground life-style — образ життя, що порушує всі традиції

    underground church — церква, що не належить ні до одного з визнаних віросповідань ( невелика секта)

    II = underground III n
    1) підгрунтя, нижні прошарки грунту
    2) ( the underground) метрополітен; підземка
    3) підпільна організація; підпілля
    4) андерграунд, авангардистська богема; коло особ, що заперечують традиційні цінності; люди, чия діяльність йде врозріз з загальноприйнятими нормами поведінки, естетичними критеріями (особ. прихильники модернистського мистецтва)
    IV = ; adv
    2) таємно, секретно, підпільно

    to go underground — піти в підпілля, сховатися

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > underground

  • 18 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 19 Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin

    [br]
    b. 14 May 1792 Baissey, Haute-Marne, France
    d. 27 October 1861 Brussels, Belgium
    [br]
    French technologist, promoter of Belgian industry.
    [br]
    After attending schools in Langres and Dijon, Jobard worked in Groningen and Maastricht as a cadastral officer from 1811 onwards. After the Netherlands had been constituted as a new state in 1814, he became a Dutch citizen in 1815 and settled in Brussels. In 1825, when he had learned of the invention of lithography by Alois Senefelder, he retired and established a renowned lithographic workshop in Belgium, with considerable commercial profit. After the political changes which led to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands in 1830, he devoted his activities to the progress of science and industry in this country, in the traditional idea of enlightenment. His main aim was to promote all branches of the young economy, to which he contributed with ceaseless energy. He cultivated especially the transfer of technology in many articles he wrote on his various journeys, such as to Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, and he continued to do so when he became the Director of the Museum of Industry in Brussels in 1841, editing its Bulletin until his death. Jobard, as a member of societies for the encouragement of arts and industry in many countries, published on almost any subject and produced many inventions. Being a restless character by nature, and having, in addition, a strong attitude towards designing and constructing, he also contributed to mining technology in 1828 when he was the first European to practise successfully the Chinese method of rope drilling near Brussels.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1840, Plan d'organisation du Musée de l'industrie, présenté au Ministre de l'interieur, Brussels.
    1844, Machines à vapeur, arrêtes et instructions, Brussels.
    1846, Comment la Belgique peut devenir industrielle, à propos de la Société d'exportation, Brussels.
    considérées comme blason de l'industrie et du commerce, dédié à la Société des inventeurs et protecteurs de l'industrie, Brussels.
    1855, Discours prononcé à l'assemblée des industriels réunis pour l'adoption de la marque obligatoire, Paris.
    Further Reading
    H.Blémont, 1991, article in Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, pp. 676–7 (for a short account of his life).
    A.Siret, 1888–9, article in Biographie nationale de belgique, Vol. X, Brussels, col. 494– 500 (provides an impressive description of his restless character and a selected bibliography of his many publications.
    T.Tecklenburg, 1900, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol. IV, Berlin, pp. 7–8 (contains detailed information on his method of rope drilling).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin

  • 20 Raky, Anton

    [br]
    b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany
    d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.
    [br]
    While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.
    With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.
    Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.
    Further Reading
    G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton

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